Ancient Hebraic Law
Scholarship shows a direct connection between the ancient Mesopotamians and the Hebrews.  The patriarch Abraham was from Ur of the Chaldees, a Babylonian city. It seems likely that Babylonian law was known to him before he left Ur for the Land of Israel around 2285 BCE.

In fact, after comparing Babylonian and Hebrew law, a striking resemblance can be seen between the Hebrew "eye for and eye" creed and Babylonian criminal punishments.  This can be seen in Hammurabi's Code and the Hebrew Book of Exodus.

The Ten Commandments are one of the foundations of Hebraic law.  According to the Bible (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5), the Commandments were given by God to Moses on the slope of Mt. Sinai.  They were a covenant (a contract) between God and the Hebrew people. In keeping the Commandments, the Hebrew people showed their devotion to God, and his laws. Although clearly religious in origin, the Ten Commandments are one of the major foundations of modern (civil) law in the western world.

Roman Catholic Church Law

Because Christianity evolved from Judaism, there are certain concepts that these two religions share. For example, both Jews and Christians follow the Ten Commandments.  In addition, prophecies of Jewish prophets contained in several books of the Old Testament stated that God would send a savior, or messiah, to the people of Israel. While Judaism clearly states that this event has not yet occurred, Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God, sent to redeem the world of sin.

The Catholic Church had a very bad relationship with Jews throughout the Middle Ages.  Many Jews were killed by Catholics, due to anti-Semitism. Despite that, Catholicism still embraced the teachings of the Ten Commandments.  In fact, the modern Catholic Encyclopedia^† says that the last six commandments "are meant to protect man in his natural rights against the injustice of his fellows.

• His life is the object of the Fifth;
• the honor of his body as well as the source of life, of the Sixth;
• his lawful possessions, of the Seventh;
• his good name, of the Eighth;
• And in order to make him still more secure in the enjoyment of his rights, it is declared an offense against God to desire to wrong him, in his family rights by the Ninth;
• and in his property rights by the Tenth."

Islamic Law

According to the Qur'an, Mohammed received the word of God, or Allah, through the angel Gabriel while living in the city of Mecca. Under Mohammed's leadership, the basic teachings of Islam were established, which are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Every Muslim is expected to follow these rules in order to lead an ethical life:

1. Confession of Faith: The belief that "there is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His prophet."
2. Prayer: Muslims must pray five times per day, facing towards Mecca.
3. Charity: Muslims must give alms to the poor, and support the local Mosque by donating a portion of their income.
4. Fasting: During the Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, all Muslims must fast during daylight hours, except the very young or sick.
5. Pilgrimage: If possible financially, each Muslim must make a hajj, or holy pilgrimage, to the city of Mecca.

*Comparison concept courtesy of  Islam-USA.com
with additional information from C.A.R.M.

Conclusions

The concepts of Justice and Law are extremely important to Jews, Christians and Muslims.  Each faith believes there are several kinds of justice or law.  The laws of mankind deal with what happens here on earth.  Violation of these laws may be punished by prison, fine, execution, probation in a court of law.

The Laws of God, or divine justice, on the other hand, are more strict. Violation of God's Law, claim the adherents (believers), could result in eternal condemnation and suffering.  Whatever the punishment, religious law has had an obvious and long-lasting effect on civil law. For example, the religious prohibition against murder, theft and adultery by each faith is an integral, or basic, part of Western civil law.