1. provide loans to industrialists
2. end the Great Depression
3. provide for a balanced budget
4. regulate the money supply

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The US Federal Reserve is responsible for setting the interest rates charged on loans through US banks. Lower interest rates result in “cheaper money” and a “looser” supply of money. Higher interest rates result in less loans being given and translate into a “tighter” money supply. The Federal Reserve will lower or raise rates in a continual effort to avoid inflation.

1. returned control of social welfare programs to the states
2. relied on individual initiative to improve the economy
3. were supported by Congress over the objections of the majority of state governments
4. increased the role of the Federal Government in dealing with social and economic problems

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Under Teddy Roosevelt the government became increasingly involved in regulating monopolies and public health. Passage of laws such as the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) were targeted at improving public health. Under Lyndon Johnson the programs of Medicare and Medicaid were established. These were also targeted at public health, providing basic medical coverage for the elderly, the poor and disabled.

1. ratification of a constitutional amendment
2. passage of a Federal law
3. a Supreme Court decision
4. a national referendum

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Under the original provisions of the Constitution the only direct election of any Federal representative was to the House of Representatives. The Presidential system was in-direct via the Electoral College and Senators were selected by a state’s legislature. Under the provisions of the 17th amendment, Senate elections became direct elections within each individual state. This had to have been done via an amendment because it was directly changing what was originally stated in the Constitution.

1. guarantee government jobs for the unemployed
2. stimulate democratic reforms such as the initiative and the referendum
3. create a unicameral national legislature
4. increase the participation of African Americans in the Federal Government

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: Initiative is the ability of citizens to suggest legislation for consideration by a state legislature. Referendum is the passage or rejection of a proposed law by the citizens of a state in a statewide vote. Recall is the ability to recall a candidate once he or she has been elected if he/she is not fulfilling the promised duties of office.

1. high tariff
2. property tax
3. sales tax
4. graduated income tax

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The power to collect income tax was granted to Congress under the 16th amendment. In order to create a system that accounted for a citizen’s ability to pay, a graduated system was enacted. The graduated income tax takes a higher percentage in tax as the amount of income increases. For example, a person making $50,000 might pay 10% in tax on the first $20,000 he/she makes, then 20% on the income between $20,001 and $50,000. This would make his/her total tax payment $6,000 ($2,000 on the first 20,000 and $4,000 on the remaining 30,000).

1. succeeded without causing major controversy
2. developed significant popular support
3. achieved their goals without government action
4. failed to affect the nation as a whole

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: The abolitionist movement gained popular support prior to and during the Civil War, fueled in part by exposes on the conditions of slavery like Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin . The women’s suffrage movement gained popular support due to the efforts of women advocates like Lucrecia Mott, Elizabeth Caty Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The woman’s suffrage movement culminated with the successful passage of the 19th amendment (also known as the Anthony amendment) in 1919. Finally, the 1960’s civil rights movement gained popular support in the 1950’s and 60’s due in part to efforts such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, as well as leadership from Martin Luther King jr. and the NAACP.

1. labor union agitation in response to unemployment
2. Progressive Party plea for compulsory education
3. public outcry following numerous industrial accidents
4. passage of child labor laws by individual states

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Prior to the passage of child labor laws in the early 1900’s, there were little to few restrictions on the jobs or hours of child workers. As the public became aware of the working conditions many children were in (exemplified by children in coal mining, as depicted in “The Bitter Cry of the Children” by muckraker John Spargo) and the call for mandatory educational requirements by groups such as the Progressive Party, states passed restrictions on child labor.

1. reduce corruption in government
2. save the nation’s banks
3. encourage competition in business
4. end strikes by labor unions

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: Theodore Roosevelt quickly gained a reputation as a “trustbuster” when he began to call for the break up of many monopolistic companies. In 1901 Roosevelt’s Justice Department brought a case against the Northern Securities Company (a railroad holding company) and won the breakup of the company. Another example came in 1905 against the so called “beef trust” in the Swift & Co. v. United States, when the group of meatpackers was found to be in violation of the 1890 Sherman Antitrust law.

1. United States Supreme Court
2. Federal Reserve System
3. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
4. President’s Council of Economic Advisors

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: The US Federal Reserve is responsible for setting the interest rates charged on loans through US banks. Lower interest rates result in “cheaper money” and a “looser” supply of money. Higher interest rates result in less loans being given and translate into a “tighter” money supply. The Federal Reserve will lower or raise rates in a continual effort to avoid inflation.

1. Reconstruction
2. The Gilded Age
3. Progressive Era
4. New Deal

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The power to collect income tax was granted to Congress under the 16th amendment. In order to create a system that accounted for a citizen’s ability to pay, a graduated system was enacted. Under the original provisions of the Constitution the only direct election of any Federal representative was to the House of Representatives. The Presidential system was in-direct via the Electoral College and Senators were selected by a state’s legislature. Under the provisions of the 17th amendment, Senate elections became direct elections within each individual state. This had to have been done via an amendment because it was directly changing what was originally stated in the Constitution. . The women’s suffrage movement gained popular support due to the efforts of women advocates like Lucrecia Mott, Elizabeth Caty Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. The woman’s suffrage movement culminated with the successful passage of the 19th amendment (also known as the Anthony amendment) in 1919.

1. supported the formation of the first trade union
2. used Presidential power to break up strikes
3. worked to limit the power of big business
4. formed the first civil rights organizations

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: Theodore Roosevelt quickly gained a reputation as a “trustbuster” when he began to call for the break up of many monopolistic companies. President Wilson pushed for passage of the progressive income tax as well as further taxation of business. Finally, Robert M. LaFollette gained notoriety as the governor of Wisconsin, during this period he passed laws regulating the railroads, regulating political lobbying, instituting civil service reforms and forcing companies to workman’s compensation for workers injured on the job.

1. taxpayers with larger incomes should be taxed at a higher rate
2. all taxpayers should be taxed equal amounts of money
3. all income should be taxed at the same rate
4. taxation should be used to encourage social programs

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: The power to collect income tax was granted to Congress under the 16th amendment. In order to create a system that accounted for a citizen’s ability to pay, a graduated system was enacted. The graduated income tax takes a higher percentage in tax as the amount of income increases. For example, a person making $50,000 might pay 10% in tax on the first $20,000 he/she makes, then 20% on the income between $20,001 and $50,000. This would make his/her total tax payment $6,000 ($2,000 on the first 20,000 and $4,000 on the remaining 30,000).

1. Speaker A
2. Speaker B
3. Speaker C
4. Speaker D

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The Progressive movement was one which called for the greater regulation of businesses and the safeguarding of safety and rights for workers.

1. frequent acts of civil disobedience
2. activities as government officials
3. publication of articles and books
4. control over factories

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: Muckraking was an effective way of shedding light on the conditions and injustices created by the rapid, unregulated growth of the Gilded Age. Jacob Riis was a muckraker who wrote about and photographed the conditions of New York City’s poorest in his book “How The Other Half Lives”, its widespread success helped to initiate calls for building codes, improved sanitation and access to better housing. Ida Tarbell was a muckraking journalist who’s expose “The History of Standard Oil” in Harpers, helped to bring about the antitrust case against Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.

1. make the President more responsive to the wishes of Congress
2. reduce the influence of the media on elections
3. give political parties more control of the electoral process
4. increase participation in government by citizens

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Initiative is the ability of citizens to suggest legislation for consideration by a state legislature. Referendum is the passage or rejection of a proposed law by the citizens of a state in a statewide vote. Recall is the ability to recall a candidate once he or she has been elected if he/she is not fulfilling the promised duties of office.

1. adoption of reforms in public education
2. passage of legislation limiting immigration
3. adoption of the 18th amendment establishing Prohibition
4. passage of legislation requiring Federal inspection of meat

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: In his 1906 work “The Jungle”, muckraker Upton Sinclair exposed the horrific conditions under which the nation’s meat supply was being produced. The novel caught the attention of lawmakers who, disgusted by its factual accounts of the unsanitary conditions, worked quickly for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act (also 1906). This law required a federal inspector to oversee the conditions and techniques of the meatpacking industry. It is closely related to the Pure Food and Drug Act passed the same year, which requires a disclosure of the ingredients in foods and restricts the use of some ingredients in drugs.

1. reform movements have failed to use the media effectively
2. most successful reform movements affect relatively few people
3. many reform movements have led to long-lasting changes in society
4. most reform movements have had little impact on the economy

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. deal with the trade deficit through tariffs and quotas
2. control the minimum wage
3. establish the Federal budget
4. regulate interest rates and the money supply

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The US Federal Reserve is responsible for setting the interest rates charged on loans through US banks. Lower interest rates result in “cheaper money” and a “looser” supply of money. Higher interest rates result in less loans being given and translate into a “tighter” money supply. The Federal Reserve will lower or raise rates in a continual effort to avoid inflation.

1. end segregation in the South
2. correct the abuses of big business
3. limit immigration from Latin America
4. enact high tariffs to help domestic industry grow

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: The Progressive movement was one which called for the greater regulation of businesses and the safeguarding of safety and rights for workers. Much of the reform called for was a direct response to the conditions and injustices created by the rapid, unregulated growth of the Gilded Age.

1. base tax rates on a person's ability to pay
2. increase government spending on welfare programs
3. tax everyone at the same percentage rate
4. ensure a balanced budget

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: The power to collect income tax was granted to Congress under the 16th amendment. In order to create a system that accounted for a citizen’s ability to pay, a graduated system was enacted. The graduated income tax takes a higher percentage in tax as the amount of income increases. For example, a person making $50,000 might pay 10% in tax on the first $20,000 he/she makes, then 20% on the income between $20,001 and $50,000. This would make his/her total tax payment $6,000 ($2,000 on the first 20,000 and $4,000 on the remaining 30,000).

1. allow the free-enterprise system to work without regulation
2. use its power to regulate unfair business practices
3. provide jobs for unemployed workers
4. support unions in labor-management disputes

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: Theodore Roosevelt quickly gained a reputation as a “trustbuster” when he began to call for the break up of many monopolistic companies. President Wilson pushed for passage of the progressive income tax as well as further taxation of business. Finally, William Howard Taft pushed for passage of Mann-Elkins Bill (1910) which expanded the power of the interstate commerce commission (ICC) over the regulation of telephone and telegraph.

1. Most Americans have developed a preference for escapist and romantic literature.
2. Most American authors have adopted a con-servative viewpoint
3. American business has corrected poor condi-tions quickly.
4. These works have had significant influence on social, political, and economic reforms.

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: Jacob Riis was a muckraker who wrote about and photographed the conditions of New York City’s poorest in his book “How The Other Half Lives”, its widespread success helped to initiate calls for building codes, improved sanitation and access to better housing. In his 1906 work “The Jungle”, muckraker Upton Sinclair exposed the horrific conditions under which the nation’s meat supply was being produced. The novel caught the attention of lawmakers who, disgusted by its factual accounts of the unsanitary conditions, worked quickly for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act (also 1906). John Steinbeck’s “The Grapes of Wrath” sought to expose the plight of the dust bowl farmers in the 1930’s. Finally, Ralph Nader’s “Unsafe at Any Speed” in the 1970’s was a call for increased automobile safety.

1. suggest ways for the Federal Government to save money
2. lend money to state governments
3. manage the supply of currency and bank credit
4. issue United States Savings Bonds

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The US Federal Reserve is responsible for setting the interest rates charged on loans through US banks. Lower interest rates result in “cheaper money” and a “looser” supply of money. Higher interest rates result in less loans being given and translate into a “tighter” money supply. The Federal Reserve will lower or raise rates in a continual effort to avoid inflation.

1. eliminate unfair business practices
2. reduce imports from foreign nations
3. reduce the power of the unions
4. increase the power of local governments

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Many people during the Gilded Age and Progressive era were frustrated with business taking advantage of workers as well as the US consumers. There was a growing call in the late 1800’s for the government to step in and regulate the economy, insuring safety and fair practices. The best examples of this can be seen in the ICC and the Sherman Antitrust Act. The passage of the Interstate Commerce Act and the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission was designed to regulate the railroads and their rates. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 banned “combinations in restraint of trade” or basically any monopoly that reduced competition in the marketplace, a direct response to the growth of monopolistic practices in the late 1800’s. Finally the 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act strengthened the government’s ability to regulate business and outlawed noncompetitive practices such as price-fixing.

1. tend to focus on one person or one issue
2. come into existence only during periods of corruption
3. have dealt mainly with foreign policy issues
4. have frequently forced Congress to decide Presidential elections

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: The vast majority of the third parties in American history have focused on one issue or one set of issues. For example, the Populists Party was focused on the reforms needed in government and the economy and most recently the Reform Party of Ross Perot was centered on the reduction of national debt and balancing of the budget.

1. utilized a variety of methods to achieve many goals
2. depended on support from religious groups
3. relied on programs initiated by the Federal Government
4. promoted women’s suffrage as its main goal

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Many avenues have been tried in efforts at reform. Jane Addams worked to aid the new immigrants in adjusting to American society by way of settlement houses, such as her Hull House in Chicago. Ida Tarbell was a muckraking journalist who’s expose “The History of Standard Oil” in Harpers, helped to bring about the antitrust case against Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. Finally Booker T. Washington wanted to help African-Americans achieve social equality through the attainment of vocational education that would allow them to first achieve economic equality.

1. companies refusing to hire minority workers
2. businesses choosing to hire illegal immigrants
3. unsafe working conditions in factories
4. business combinations limiting competition

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. promote the formation of new trusts
2. maintain competition in business
3. increase business investment
4. limit the activities of foreign corporations

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. African Americans should have increased civil rights
2. vocational training was the best approach to education
3. immigration was responsible for racial segregation
4. Jim Crow laws were needed to help African Americans

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. George Washington Carver
2. Frederick Douglass
3. W. E. B. Du Bois
4. Booker T. Washington

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. limit government regulation of the press
2. limit the role of the Supreme Court in constitutional issues
3. increase citizen participation in the political process
4. increase the influence of major political parties

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. exposing poverty and corruption
2. opposing westward expansion
3. criticizing racial injustice
4. supporting organized labor

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. attempting to ease the problems of the urban poor
2. fighting for temperance and Prohibition
3. leading political movements on behalf of the Populist Party
4. promoting the interests of organized labor

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. restore business competition
2. end stock market speculation
3. prosecute corrupt labor unions
4. break up city political party machines

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. setting tariff rates
2. raising or lowering income taxes
3. insuring bank accounts
4. regulating interest rates

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. increased government regulation of business
2. increased restrictions on presidential powers
3. decreased influence of the media on public policy
4. reduced government spending for social programs

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

“Jane Addams Opens Hull House”
“Jacob Riis Photographs Tenement Residents”
“Ida Tarbell Exposes Standard Oil Company”

These headlines represent efforts by individuals to

1. support business monopolies
2. improve depressed urban areas
3. solve problems of American farmers
4. correct abuses of the Industrial Revolution

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

Which heading best completes the partial outline

below?

I. ___________________________
    A. Secret ballot
    B. Direct election of senators
    C. Recall
    D. Referendum

1. Checks and Balances
2. Unwritten Constitution
3. Progressive Reforms
4. Universal Suffrage

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. Environmental issues are best decided by the private sector.
2. Unlimited access to natural resources is the key to business growth.
3. Wilderness areas and their resources should be protected for the public good.
4. Decisions about the use of natural resources should be left to the states.

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. supported the return of powers to the state governments
2. promoted the use of violent strikes and protests against big business organizations
3. opposed the strict laissez-faire attitudes of the federal government
4. lobbied for immediate social and economic equality for African Americans

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. a maximum of two terms for presidents
2. term limits on members of Congress
3. voting rights for African Americans
4. direct election of United States senators

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. Interstate Commerce Act
2. Sherman Antitrust Act
3. Meat Inspection Act
4. Federal Reserve Act

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. workers in urban slums
2. African Americans in the segregated South
3. the rich in their mansions
4. Native American Indians on reservations

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. provided low-interest loans to farmers
2. were declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court
3. had as their primary responsibility the regulation of the stock market
4. sought to provide a sound currency for the nation

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. challenging big government and urging a return to past conditions
2. exposing widespread corruption in business and government
3. writing favorable biographies about wealthy Americans
4. aligning themselves with the women’s suffrage movement

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. right to vote
2. right to own property
3. equal pay for equal work
4. equal access to employment and education

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. muckrakers
2. suffragettes
3. political leaders
4. social reformers

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. environmental conservation
2. workers’ rights
3. business competition
4. consumer protection

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. George Washington
2. Calvin Coolidge
3. Theodore Roosevelt
4. Dwight Eisenhower

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. balance the federal budget
2. regulate the amount of money in circulation
3. serve as a source of loans for farmers
4. solve the financial problems of the Great Depression

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. promote the formation of new trusts
2. maintain competition in business
3. increase business investment
4. limit the activities of foreign corporations

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. settlement houses that provided assistance to the poor
2. newspapers that helped to inform Americans about slum conditions
3. laws that restricted certain immigrant groups
4. free public schools located in inner-city neighborhoods

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. regulating the amount of money in circulation
2. providing direct loans to farmers and small businesses
3. enforcing strict antitrust laws
4. controlling imports from other nations

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. advocated a total change in the structure of government
2. attempted to expose societal problems
3. failed to influence public opinion
4. supported anti-American activities

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. treat the wounded in World War I
2. stop the spread of diseases in Latin America
3. legalize birth control for women
4. aid the urban poor

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. manage the nation’s supply of currency and interest rates
2. protect consumers from fraud
3. provide military support for the armed forces
4. maintain a national petroleum supply

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. advance their own political careers
2. make Americans aware of problems in society
3. help the federal government become more efficient
4. provide entertainment for readers

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. rate of taxation was the same for all persons
2. rate of taxation increased as incomes rose
3. income tax provided the most revenue for the government
4. income tax replaced state and local government taxes

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation:

1. reduce the government’s involvement in social issues
2. promote laissez-faire policies
3. correct the problems caused by industrialization
4. promote settlement of land west of the Mississippi River

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. Business activity must sometimes be regulated in the public interest.
2. Workers should be allowed to bargain with owners for working conditions.
3. Domestic industry should be protected from foreign competition.
4. The economy works best without government regulation.

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. stock market practices
2. environmental regulations
3. labor union protections
4. antitrust laws

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. enact stronger prohibition laws
2. support the national conservation movement
3. establish a system for meat inspection
4. legalize strikes and boycotts by labor unions

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation:

1. increase the power of citizens in state and local government
2. reestablish the system of checks and balances
3. provide low-interest loans to farmers
4. expand voting rights to Native Americans

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. William McKinley
2. Woodrow Wilson
3. Herbert Hoover
4. Theodore Roosevelt

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation:

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: President Roosevelt's administration (1901-09) enjoyed lasting success in many areas, particularly conservation of natural resources such as passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) , creation of the Forestry Service and birth of the first bird preserve at Pelican Island, stand out.

1. focusing attention on social conditions
2. fighting for the civil rights of African Americans
3. promoting the interests of the American farmer
4. supporting the goal of woman’s suffrage

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation:

1. excise
2. import
3. income
4. estate

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: