1. religious revolt against the German princes
2. reforms within the Roman Catholic Church
3. greater papal authority
4. crusades to spread Christianity

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: In 1517, Martin Luther published his 95 Theses, or statements, in Germany. Luther wrote the 95 Theses in opposition to the sale of indulgences being conducted by the Catholic Church in order to finance the Building of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

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1. renewed domination of the Catholic Church over the German states
2. greater tolerance of religions other than Christianity
3. decrease in educational opportunities for the middle class
4. decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The Protestant Reformation resulted in the formation of many new Christian denominations that disagreed with the teachings of the Catholic Church. These included the Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, and many others.

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1. interest in Ancient Greece and Rome
2. advances in mathematics and science
3. questioning of traditional authority
4. attention to realism and detail

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The popularity of the philosophy of Humanism, or the emphasis on individuality, caused many to question traditional authority during the Renaissance. Of course, the most traditional source of authority at this time in Europe was the Catholic Church, which had engaged in practices that many found distasteful such as the selling of indulgences.

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1. the Catholic Church accepted the dominance of the new Protestant religions in Italy, France, and Germany
2. Spain became a predominately Protestant nation
3. Catholic Church leaders refused to make any changes in church practices
4. the power of the Catholic Church in Europe was weakened

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: The Protestant Reformation resulted in the formation of many new Christian denominations that disagreed with the teachings of the Catholic Church. These included the Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, and many others which weakened the power of the Church by simply offering an alternative to it.

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1. new Christian denominations emerged
2. religious teachings were no longer allowed in the universities
3. the Crusades were organized
4. the power of the Pope was strengthened

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: The Protestant Reformation resulted in the formation of many new Christian denominations that disagreed with the teachings of the Catholic Church. These included the Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, and many others.

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1. the Catholic clergy had lost faith in their religion
2. Islam was attracting many converts in Western Europe
3. kings and princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Catholic Church
4. the exploration of the Americas led to the introduction of new religious ideas

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: In addition to disagreement over the practices of the Catholic Church, such as the selling of indulgences, many members of royalty in Northern Europe were resentful of the vast lands owned by the Church, as well as the tithe demanded annually which only seemed to benefit far-off Rome.

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1. discouraged the growth of strong monarchs
2. encouraged people to question tradition
3. were led by the military
4. supported the return of the Roman Empire

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: The popularity of the philosophy of Humanism, or the emphasis on individuality, caused many to question traditional authority during the Renaissance. Of course, the most traditional source of authority at this time in Europe was the Catholic Church, which had engaged in practices that many found distasteful such as the selling of indulgences.

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1. allowed religious reformers to escape persecution
2. standardized all religious writings
3. ended religious unity in Western Europe
4. forced most of Europe’s monarchs to become Protestants

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: The Protestant Reformation resulted in the formation of many new Christian denominations that disagreed with the teachings of the Catholic Church. These included the Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, and many others which weakened the power of the Church by simply offering an alternative to it.

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1. Commercial Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Renaissance
4. Protestant Reformation

Correct Answer Number: 4

Explanation: In 1517, Martin Luther published his 95 Theses, or statements, in Germany. Luther wrote the 95 Theses in opposition to the sale of indulgences being conducted by the Catholic Church in order to finance the Building of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

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1. stimulated by a spirit of inquiry
2. supported by the working class
3. limited to Italy, France, and Germany
4. encouraged by the successes of the French Revolution

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Thinkers during both the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation refused to accept Church teachings as the only truth and instead sought answers based on their own observations and interpretations of the world around them.

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1. supported democratic forms of government
2. encouraged a questioning attitude
3. stressed the importance of life after death
4. denied the existence of God

Correct Answer Number: 2

Explanation: Thinkers during both the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation refused to accept Church teachings as the only truth and instead sought answers based on their own observations and interpretations of the world around them.

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—Martin Luther, Diet of Worms (1517)

1. the supremacy of the Bible over Church policies
2. imprisoning those who disagreed with Church teachings
3. maintaining the unity of the Church
4. the need for nepotism

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: In 1517, Martin Luther published his 95 Theses, or statements, in Germany. Luther wrote the 95 Theses in opposition to the sale of indulgences being conducted by the Catholic Church in order to finance the Building of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. He also disagreed with the Church over theology. Luther preached that the true word of God came from the Bible, not from the Church.

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1. the Pope’s right to sell indulgences was strengthened
2. Luther soon became the leader of Germany
3. the power of the Roman Catholic Church was lessened and royal power grew
4. the Roman Catholic Church unified the German states

Correct Answer Number: 3

Explanation: In addition to disagreement over the practices of the Catholic Church, such as the selling of indulgences, many members of royalty in Northern Europe were resentful of the vast lands owned by the Church, as well as the tithe demanded annually which only seemed to benefit far-off Rome.

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1. prevent the introduction of Protestant religions
2. reintroduce Moorish culture to the Iberian Peninsula
3. encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution
4. implement the ideas of the Renaissance in major cities

Correct Answer Number: 1

Explanation: Spain and the Catholic Church used the Inquisition, or Church Courts, to try, convict, and execute many Protestants for heresy. This eventually led to witch hunts and widespread anti-Semitism. Thousands of people died as a result and the spread of Protestantism was halted.

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